RGB空间中的彩色图像分割
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概述
本文论述了基于欧式距离和曼哈顿距离的彩色图像分割算法,并用python实现了各个算法。之后将二者的优势结合,提出了改进后的曼哈顿距离算法:基于加权曼哈顿距离的彩色图像分割算法,在分割效果和速度上超越了传统的欧式距离分割算法。
核心思想
在一幅RGB图像中分割某个指定的颜色区域(bbox)的物体。给定一个感兴趣的有代表性色彩的彩色样点集,可得到我们希望分割的颜色的“平均”估计。平均彩色用RGB向量 α \alpha α表示,分割的目的是将图像中每个RGB像素分类,即在指定的区域内是否有一种颜色。为了执行这一比较,需要有相似性度量:欧氏距离和曼哈顿距离。
欧氏距离
D ( z , α ) = ∥ z − α ∥ = [ ( z − α ) T ( z − α ) ] 1 2 = [ ( z R − a R ) 2 + ( z G − a G ) 2 + ( z B − a B ) 2 ] 1 2 D(z, \alpha)=\|z-\alpha\|=\left[(z-\alpha)^{\mathrm{T}}(z-\alpha)\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}=\left[\left(z_{R}-a_{R}\right)^{2}+\left(z_{G}-a_{G}\right)^{2}+\left(z_{B}-a_{B}\right)^{2}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}} D(z,α)=∥z−α∥=[(z−α)T(z−α)]21=[(zR−aR)2+(zG−aG)2+(zB−aB)2]21
其中,下标R、G、B表示向量 α \alpha α和 z z z的RGB分量。满足 D ( z , α ) ≤ D 0 D(z,\alpha)\le D_0 D(z,α)≤D0的点的轨道是半径为 D 0 D_0 D0的实心球体,包含在球体内部和表面上的点满足指定的色彩准则。对图像中两组点进行二值化,就产生了一幅二值分割图像。
有时会对欧氏距离进行推广,一种推广形式就是 D ( z , α ) = [ ( z − α ) T C − 1 ( z − α ) ] 1 / 2 D(z,\alpha)=[(z-\alpha)^TC^{-1}(z-\alpha)]^{1/2} D(z,α)=[(z−α)TC−1(z−α)]1/2,其中 C C C是表示我们希望分割的有代表性颜色的样本的协方差矩阵,描述了一个椭球体,其主轴面向最大数据扩展方向。当 C = I 3 × 3 C=I_{3\times 3} C=I3×3时,上式退化为“球形”欧氏距离。
由于欧式距离是正的且单调的,所以可用距离的平方运算来代替,从而避免开方运算,所以我们最终的欧氏距离表达式为:
D E ( z , α ) = ( z − α ) T ( z − α ) D_E(z,\alpha)=(z-\alpha)^T(z-\alpha) DE(z,α)=(z−α)T(z−α)
曼哈顿距离
但是,上式计算代价较高,故使用曼哈顿距离(RGB空间中的盒边界)可以大幅降低计算代价。其核心思想是在盒中心 α \alpha α处,沿每一个颜色轴选择的维数与沿每个轴的样本的标准差成比例,标准差的计算只使用一次样本颜色数据。
单通道曼哈顿距离
在单通道上(以R通道为例),曼哈顿距离的定义为:
D M R ( z R , α R ) = ∣ z R − α R ∣ D_{MR}(z_R,\alpha_R)=|z_R-\alpha _R| DMR(zR,αR)=∣zR−αR∣
需要满足的色彩准则为:
D M R ≤ η σ R D_{MR} \le \eta \sigma _R DMR≤ησR
其中, σ R \sigma _R σR是样本点红色分量的标准差, η \eta η是标准差的系数,通常取 1.25 1.25 1.25。
多通道曼哈顿距离
根据上述定义,多通道平均曼哈顿距离如下:
D M ( z , α ) = ∣ ∣ z − α ∣ ∣ L 1 = ∣ z R − α R ∣ + ∣ z G − α G ∣ + ∣ z B − α B ∣ D_{M}(z,\alpha)=||z-\alpha ||_{L1}=|z_R-\alpha _R|+|z_G-\alpha _G|+|z_B-\alpha _B| DM(z,α)=∣∣z−α∣∣L1=∣zR−αR∣+∣zG−αG∣+∣zB−αB∣
D M ≤ η ∣ ∣ σ ∣ ∣ L 1 D_{M} \le \eta \ ||\sigma ||_{L1} DM≤η ∣∣σ∣∣L1
其中, σ = ( σ R , σ G , σ B ) \sigma=(\sigma _R,\sigma _G,\sigma _B) σ=(σR,σG,σB)是三通道各自的标准差向量。
多通道曼哈顿距离的改进:带权多通道曼哈顿距离
为R、G、B每个通道设定各自的 η \eta η,则需要满足的色彩标准为:
D M R ≤ η R σ R D_{MR} \le \eta_R \sigma _R DMR≤ηRσR
D M G ≤ η G σ G D_{MG} \le \eta_G \sigma _G DMG≤ηGσG
D M B ≤ η B σ B D_{MB} \le \eta_B \sigma _B DMB≤ηBσB
实验和结果分析
import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
img = 'strawberry_color.bmp'
f_bgr = cv2.imread(img, cv2.IMREAD_COLOR)
f_rgb = cv2.cvtColor(f_bgr, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
bndbox = {'xmin': 3,
'ymin': 18,
'xmax': 317,
'ymax': 344}
f_rec = cv2.rectangle(f_rgb.copy(),
(bndbox['xmin'], bndbox['ymin']),
(bndbox['xmax'], bndbox['ymax']),
color=(255, 255, 0), thickness=5)
plt.imshow(f_rec)
plt.show()
def Euclid(f, box, d0):
"""
Calculate Euclid distance and return binarized image
:param f: img
:param box: (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax) # VOC format
:param d0: condition
:return: binarized image according to condition
"""
H, W, C = f.shape
a = np.zeros(C, dtype='float')
b = np.zeros((H, W), dtype='int')
for c in range(C):
a[c] = np.mean(f[box[0]:box[2], box[1]:box[3] ,c])
a = a.reshape(C, 1)
for w in range(W):
for h in range(H):
z = f[h, w, :].reshape(C, 1)
d = z - a
DE = np.dot(d.T, d)
if DE.sum() <= d0:
b[h, w] = 1
return b
def binary_mix(f, b):
"""
mix input image and binarized image
:param f: input image
:param b: its binarized image with only two values 0 and 1
:return: g
"""
g = f.copy()
H, W, C = g.shape
for c in range(C):
g[:, :, c] = np.multiply(g[:, :, c], b)
return g
# Euclid distance
D0_0 = 5000
g_u_b_0 = Euclid(f_rgb, list(bndbox.values()), d0=D0_0)
D0_1 = 10000
g_u_b_1 = Euclid(f_rgb, list(bndbox.values()), d0=D0_1)
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(10, 10))
axs[0][0].set_title('g_u_b_0: D0={}'.format(D0_0))
axs[0][0].imshow(g_u_b_0, cmap='gray')
axs[0][1].set_title('binary_mix(f_rgb, g_u_b_0): D0={}'.format(D0_0))
axs[0][1].imshow(binary_mix(f_rgb, g_u_b_0))
axs[1][0].set_title('g_u_b_1: D0={}'.format(D0_1))
axs[1][0].imshow(g_u_b_1, cmap='gray')
axs[1][1].set_title('binary_mix(f_rgb, g_u_b_1): D0={}'.format(D0_1))
axs[1][1].imshow(binary_mix(f_rgb, g_u_b_1))
plt.suptitle('Euclid distance')
plt.show()
def single_Manhattan(f, box, eta, channel=0):
"""
Calculate single channel Manhattan distance and return binarized image
:param f: img
:param box: (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax) # VOC format
:param eta: condition
:param channel: int, channel number
:return: binarized image according to condition
"""
H, W, C = f.shape
b = np.zeros((H, W), dtype='int')
c = f[box[0]:box[2], box[1]:box[3] , channel]
a = np.mean(c)
sigma = np.std(c)
for w in range(W):
for h in range(H):
z = f[h, w, channel]
if np.abs(z - a) <= eta * sigma:
b[h, w] = 1
return b
# single red channel Manhattan distance
eta0 = 1.25
channel0 = 0
g_m_b_0 = single_Manhattan(f_rgb, list(bndbox.values()), eta=eta0, channel=channel0)
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(10, 10))
axs[0][0].set_title('origin')
axs[0][0].imshow(f_rgb)
axs[0][1].set_title('origin with single channel: channel={}'.format(channel0))
axs[0][1].imshow(f_rgb[:, :, channel0], cmap='Reds')
axs[1][0].set_title(r'g_m_b_0: \eta={}'.format(eta0))
axs[1][0].imshow(g_m_b_0, cmap='gray')
axs[1][1].set_title(r'binary_mix(f_rgb, g_m_b_0): \eta={}'.format(eta0))
axs[1][1].imshow(binary_mix(f_rgb, g_m_b_0))
plt.suptitle('single red channel Manhattan distance')
plt.show()
基于红色单通道的曼哈顿距离法不能很好地划分背景和草莓,这是因为在红色通道下,背景和草莓的红色值相近(图b说明了这一事实)。
# multi-channel average Manhattan distance
def multi_avg_Manhattan(f, box, eta):
"""
Calculate multi-channel average Manhattan distance and return binarized image
:param f: img
:param box: (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax) # VOC format
:param eta: condition
:return: binarized image according to condition
"""
H, W, C = f.shape
a = np.zeros(C, dtype='float')
sigma = np.zeros(C, dtype='float')
b = np.zeros((H, W), dtype='int')
for c in range(C):
sam = f[box[0]:box[2], box[1]:box[3] ,c]
a[c] = np.mean(sam)
sigma[c] = np.std(sam)
sigmaL1 = np.sum(sigma)
a = a.reshape(C, 1)
for w in range(W):
for h in range(H):
z = f[h, w, :].reshape(C, 1)
d = z - a
DM = np.sum(np.abs(d))
if DM <= eta * sigmaL1:
b[h, w] = 1
return b
eta1 = 1.1
g_m_b_1 = multi_avg_Manhattan(f_rgb, list(bndbox.values()), eta=eta1)
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(10, 5))
axs[0].set_title(r'g_m_b_1: \eta={}'.format(eta1))
axs[0].imshow(g_m_b_1, cmap='gray')
axs[1].set_title(r'binary_mix(f_rgb, g_m_b_1): \eta={}'.format(eta1))
axs[1].imshow(binary_mix(f_rgb, g_m_b_1))
plt.suptitle('multi-channel average Manhattan distance')
plt.show()
可以看到,"平均多通道"曼哈顿法优于"红色单通道"曼哈顿法。
def multi_weight_Manhattan(f, box, etas):
"""
Calculate multi-channel weighted Manhattan distance and return binarized image
:param f: img
:param box: (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax) # VOC format
:param etas: conditions for each channel like (eta0, eta1, eta2)
:return: binarized image according to condition
"""
H, W, C = f.shape
bs = np.zeros_like(f, dtype='int') # bs is the valid binarized matrix for each channel of f
for c in range(C):
bs[:, :, c] = single_Manhattan(f, box, etas[c], c)
b = np.sum(bs, axis=2)
for w in range(W):
for h in range(H):
if b[w, h] == C:
temp = 1
else:
temp = 0
b[w, h] = temp
return b
# RGB
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(10, 4))
axs[0].set_title('R')
axs[0].imshow(f_rgb[:, :, 0], cmap='gray')
axs[1].set_title('G')
axs[1].imshow(f_rgb[:, :, 1], cmap='gray')
axs[2].set_title('B')
axs[2].imshow(f_rgb[:, :, 2], cmap='gray')
plt.suptitle('RGB')
plt.show()
# multi-channel weighted Manhattan distance
eta2 = (1.4, 1.1, 1.3)
g_m_b_2 = multi_weight_Manhattan(f_rgb, list(bndbox.values()), etas=eta2)
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(10, 5))
axs[0].set_title('g_m_b_2')
axs[0].imshow(g_m_b_2, cmap='gray')
axs[1].set_title('binary_mix(f_rgb, g_m_b_2)')
axs[1].imshow(binary_mix(f_rgb, g_m_b_2))
plt.suptitle(r'multi-channel weighted Manhattan distance: \etas={}'.format(str(eta2)))
plt.show()
文章来源:https://www.toymoban.com/news/detail-421830.html
使用多通道加权曼哈顿距离法,极大提升了计算的效率,并且获得了近似、甚至优于欧几里得距离法的结果!文章来源地址https://www.toymoban.com/news/detail-421830.html
参考文献
- 数字图像处理:第3版,北京:电子工业出版社
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