使用 Rust 开发一个微型游戏-Toy模板网

这篇具有很好参考价值的文章主要介绍了使用 Rust 开发一个微型游戏。希望对大家有所帮助。如果存在错误或未考虑完全的地方，请大家不吝赐教，您也可以点击"举报违法"按钮提交疑问。

使用 Rust 构建微型游戏 -- 用于理解游戏开发

一、创建游戏

Agenda

建立项目
实现 Game loop
不同的游戏模式
添加玩家
添加障碍和计分
汇总

理解 Game loop

为了让游戏流畅、顺滑的运行，需要使用 Game loop

Game loop：

初始化窗口、图形和其它资源
每当屏幕刷新（通常是每秒 30、60或更多次），它都会运行
每次通过循环，它都会调用游戏的 tick() 函数

Game loop

开始 -> 配置 App、Window 和图形 -> Poll （轮询 OS 监听输入状态 -> 调用 tick() 函数 -> 更新屏幕 -> 停止？ -> 退出

游戏引擎

游戏引擎用来处理平台特定的部分
以便开发者专心开发游戏

Bracket-Lib （Amethyst Foundation）

Bracket-Lib 是一个 Rust 游戏编程库：

作为简单的教学工具
抽象了游戏开发很多复杂的东西
但保留了相关的概念

Bracket-Lib 包括很多库：

随机数生成、几何、路径寻找、颜色处理、常用算法等

Bracket-terminal

bracket-terminal 是 Bracket-Lib 中负责显示部分

它提供了模拟控制台
可与多种渲染平台配合：
- 从文本控制台到 Web Assembly
- 例如：OpenGL、Vulkan、Metal
支持 sprites 和原生 OpenGL 开发

Codepage 437：IBM 扩展 ASCII 字符集

Codepage 437：

来自 Dos PC 上的字符，用于终端输出，除了字母和数字，还提供了一些符号
Bracket-lib 会把字符翻译成图形 sprites 并提供一个有限的字符集，字符所展示的是相应的图片

~ via 🅒 base
➜ cd rust

~/rust via 🅒 base
➜ cargo new flappy
     Created binary (application) `flappy` package

~/rust via 🅒 base
➜ cd flappy

flappy on  master [?] via 🦀 1.67.1 via 🅒 base
➜ c

flappy on  master [?] via 🦀 1.67.1 via 🅒 base
➜

main.rs

use bracket_lib::prelude::*;

struct State {}

impl GameState for State {
    fn tick(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.cls();
        ctx.print(1, 1, "Hello, Bracket Terminal!");
    }
}

fn main() -> BError {
    let context = BTermBuilder::simple80x50()
        .with_title("Flappy Dragon")
        .build()?;

    main_loop(context, State {})
}

游戏的模式

游戏通常在不同的模式中运行
每种模式会明确游戏在当前的 tick() 中应该做什么

我们这个游戏需要 3 种模式：

菜单
游戏中
结束

use bracket_lib::prelude::*;

enum GameMode {
    Menu,
    Playing,
    End,
}

struct State {
    mode: GameMode,
}

impl State {
    fn new() -> Self {
        State {
            mode: GameMode::Menu,
        }
    }

    fn play(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        // TODO
        self.mode = GameMode::End;
    }

    fn restart(&mut self) {
        self.mode = GameMode::Playing;
    }

    fn main_menu(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.cls();
        ctx.print_centered(5, "Welcome to Flappy Dragon");
        ctx.print_centered(8, "(P) Play Game");
        ctx.print_centered(9, "(Q) Quit Game");

        if let Some(key) = ctx.key {
            match key {
                VirtualKeyCode::P => self.restart(),
                VirtualKeyCode::Q => ctx.quitting = true,
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }

    fn dead(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.cls();
        ctx.print_centered(5, "You are dead!");
        ctx.print_centered(8, "(P) Play Game");
        ctx.print_centered(9, "(Q) Quit Game");

        if let Some(key) = ctx.key {
            match key {
                VirtualKeyCode::P => self.restart(),
                VirtualKeyCode::Q => ctx.quitting = true,
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }
}

impl GameState for State {
    fn tick(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        match self.mode {
            GameMode::Menu => self.main_menu(ctx),
            GameMode::End => self.dead(ctx),
            GameMode::Playing => self.play(ctx),
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> BError {
    let context = BTermBuilder::simple80x50()
        .with_title("Flappy Dragon")
        .build()?;

    main_loop(context, State::new())
}

二、添加 Player

main.rs文章来源地址https://www.toymoban.com/news/detail-460167.html

use bracket_lib::prelude::*;

enum GameMode {
    Menu,
    Playing,
    End,
}

const SCREEN_WIDTH: i32 = 80;
const SCREEN_HEIGHT: i32 = 50;
const FRAME_DURATION: f32 = 75.0;

struct Player {
    x: i32,
    y: i32,
    velocity: f32,
}

impl Player {
    fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Self {
        Player {
            x: 0,
            y: 0,
            velocity: 0.0,
        }
    }

    fn render(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.set(0, self.y, YELLOW, BLACK, to_cp437('@'))
    }

    fn gravity_and_move(&mut self) {
        if self.velocity < 2.0 {
            self.velocity += 0.2;
        }
        self.y += self.velocity as i32;
        self.x += 1;

        if self.y < 0 {
            self.y = 0;
        }
    }

    fn flap(&mut self) {
        self.velocity = -2.0; // 往上飞是负的
    }
}

struct State {
    player: Player,
    frame_time: f32,
    mode: GameMode,
}

impl State {
    fn new() -> Self {
        State {
            player: Player::new(5, 25),
            frame_time: 0.0,
            mode: GameMode::Menu,
        }
    }

    fn play(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.cls_bg(NAVY);
        self.frame_time += ctx.frame_time_ms;

        if self.frame_time > FRAME_DURATION {
            self.frame_time = 0.0;
            self.player.gravity_and_move();
        }

        if let Some(VirtualKeyCode::Space) = ctx.key {
            self.player.flap();
        }

        self.player.render(ctx);
        ctx.print(0, 0, "Press Space to Flap");

        if self.player.y > SCREEN_HEIGHT {
            self.mode = GameMode::End;
        }
    }

    fn restart(&mut self) {
        self.player = Player::new(5, 25);
        self.frame_time = 0.0;
        self.mode = GameMode::Playing;
    }

    fn main_menu(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.cls();
        ctx.print_centered(5, "Welcome to Flappy Dragon");
        ctx.print_centered(8, "(P) Play Game");
        ctx.print_centered(9, "(Q) Quit Game");

        if let Some(key) = ctx.key {
            match key {
                VirtualKeyCode::P => self.restart(),
                VirtualKeyCode::Q => ctx.quitting = true,
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }

    fn dead(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.cls();
        ctx.print_centered(5, "You are dead!");
        ctx.print_centered(8, "(P) Play Game");
        ctx.print_centered(9, "(Q) Quit Game");

        if let Some(key) = ctx.key {
            match key {
                VirtualKeyCode::P => self.restart(),
                VirtualKeyCode::Q => ctx.quitting = true,
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }
}

impl GameState for State {
    fn tick(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        match self.mode {
            GameMode::Menu => self.main_menu(ctx),
            GameMode::End => self.dead(ctx),
            GameMode::Playing => self.play(ctx),
        }
    }
}

fn main() -> BError {
    let context = BTermBuilder::simple80x50()
        .with_title("Flappy Dragon")
        .build()?;

    main_loop(context, State::new())
}

三、添加障碍

use bracket_lib::prelude::*;

enum GameMode {
    Menu,
    Playing,
    End,
}

const SCREEN_WIDTH: i32 = 80;
const SCREEN_HEIGHT: i32 = 50;
const FRAME_DURATION: f32 = 75.0;

struct Player {
    x: i32, // 世界空间
    y: i32,
    velocity: f32,
}

impl Player {
    fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Self {
        Player {
            x: 0,
            y: 0,
            velocity: 0.0,
        }
    }

    fn render(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.set(0, self.y, YELLOW, BLACK, to_cp437('@'))
    }

    fn gravity_and_move(&mut self) {
        if self.velocity < 2.0 {
            self.velocity += 0.2;
        }
        self.y += self.velocity as i32;
        self.x += 1;

        if self.y < 0 {
            self.y = 0;
        }
    }

    fn flap(&mut self) {
        self.velocity = -2.0; // 往上飞是负的
    }
}

struct State {
    player: Player,
    frame_time: f32,
    mode: GameMode,
    obstacle: Obstacle,
    score: i32,
}

impl State {
    fn new() -> Self {
        State {
            player: Player::new(5, 25),
            frame_time: 0.0,
            mode: GameMode::Menu,
            obstacle: Obstacle::new(SCREEN_WIDTH, 0),
            score: 0,
        }
    }

    fn play(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.cls_bg(NAVY);
        self.frame_time += ctx.frame_time_ms;

        if self.frame_time > FRAME_DURATION {
            self.frame_time = 0.0;
            self.player.gravity_and_move();
        }

        if let Some(VirtualKeyCode::Space) = ctx.key {
            self.player.flap();
        }

        self.player.render(ctx);
        ctx.print(0, 0, "Press Space to Flap");
        ctx.print(0, 1, &format!("Score: {}", self.score));

        self.obstacle.render(ctx, self.player.x);
        if self.player.x > self.obstacle.x {
            self.score += 1;
            self.obstacle = Obstacle::new(self.player.x + SCREEN_WIDTH, self.score);
        }

        if self.player.y > SCREEN_HEIGHT || self.obstacle.hit_obstacle(&self.player) {
            self.mode = GameMode::End;
        }
    }

    fn restart(&mut self) {
        self.player = Player::new(5, 25);
        self.frame_time = 0.0;
        self.mode = GameMode::Playing;
        self.obstacle = Obstacle::new(SCREEN_WIDTH, 0);
        self.score = 0;
    }

    fn main_menu(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.cls();
        ctx.print_centered(5, "Welcome to Flappy Dragon");
        ctx.print_centered(8, "(P) Play Game");
        ctx.print_centered(9, "(Q) Quit Game");

        if let Some(key) = ctx.key {
            match key {
                VirtualKeyCode::P => self.restart(),
                VirtualKeyCode::Q => ctx.quitting = true,
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }

    fn dead(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        ctx.cls();
        ctx.print_centered(5, "You are dead!");
        ctx.print_centered(6, &format!("You earned {} points", self.score));
        ctx.print_centered(8, "(P) Play Game");
        ctx.print_centered(9, "(Q) Quit Game");

        if let Some(key) = ctx.key {
            match key {
                VirtualKeyCode::P => self.restart(),
                VirtualKeyCode::Q => ctx.quitting = true,
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }
}

impl GameState for State {
    fn tick(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm) {
        match self.mode {
            GameMode::Menu => self.main_menu(ctx),
            GameMode::End => self.dead(ctx),
            GameMode::Playing => self.play(ctx),
        }
    }
}

struct Obstacle {
    x: i32, // 世界空间
    gap_y: i32,
    size: i32,
}

impl Obstacle {
    fn new(x: i32, score: i32) -> Self {
        let mut random = RandomNumberGenerator::new();
        Obstacle {
            x,
            gap_y: random.range(10, 40),
            size: i32::max(2, 20 - score),
        }
    }

    fn render(&mut self, ctx: &mut BTerm, player_x: i32) {
        let screen_x = self.x - player_x; // 屏幕空间
        let half_size = self.size / 2;

        for y in 0..self.gap_y - half_size {
            ctx.set(screen_x, y, RED, BLACK, to_cp437('|'));
        }

        for y in self.gap_y + half_size..SCREEN_HEIGHT {
            ctx.set(screen_x, y, RED, BLACK, to_cp437('|'))
        }
    }

    fn hit_obstacle(&self, player: &Player) -> bool {
        let half_size = self.size / 2;
        let does_x_match = player.x == self.x;
        let player_above_gap = player.y < self.gap_y - half_size;
        let player_below_gap = player.y > self.gap_y + half_size;
        does_x_match && (player_above_gap || player_below_gap)
    }
}

fn main() -> BError {
    let context = BTermBuilder::simple80x50()
        .with_title("Flappy Dragon")
        .build()?;

    main_loop(context, State::new())
}

到了这里，关于使用 Rust 开发一个微型游戏的文章就介绍完了。如果您还想了解更多内容，请在右上角搜索TOY模板网以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章，希望大家以后多多支持TOY模板网！