Rust Web 全栈开发之 Web Service 中的错误处理
Web Service 中的统一错误处理
Actix Web Service 自定义错误类型 -> 自定义错误转为 HTTP Response
- 数据库
- 数据库错误
- 串行化
- serde 错误
- I/O 操作
- I/O 错误
- Actix-Web 库
- Actix 错误
- 用户非法输入
- 用户非法输入错误
Actix-Web 的错误处理
- 编程语言常用的两种错误处理方式：
- 异常
- 返回值（ Rust 使用这种）
- Rust 希望开发者显式的处理错误，因此，可能出错的函数返回Result 枚举类型，其定义如下：
enum Result<T, E> {
Ok(T),
Err(E),
}
例子
use std::num::ParseIntError;
fn main() {
let result = square("25");
println!("{:?}", result);
}
fn square(val: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {
match val.parse::<i32>() {
Ok(num) => Ok(num.pow(2)),
Err(e) => Err(3),
}
}
? 运算符
- 在某函数中使用 ? 运算符，该运算符尝试从 Result 中获取值：
- 如果不成功，它就会接收 Error ，中止函数执行，并把错误传播到调用该函数的函数。
use std::num::ParseIntError;
fn main() {
let result = square("25");
println!("{:?}", result);
}
fn square(val: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {
let num = val.parse::<i32>()?;
Ok(num ^ 2)
}
自定义错误类型
- 创建一个自定义错误类型，它可以是多种错误类型的抽象。
- 例如：
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum MyError {
ParseError,
IOError,
}
Actix-Web 把错误转化为 HTTP Response
- Actix-Web 定义了一个通用的错误类型（ struct ）：
actix_web::error::Error- 它实现了
std::error::Error这个 trait
- 它实现了
- 任何实现了标准库 Error trait 的类型，都可以通过 ? 运算符，转化为 Actix 的 Error 类型
- Actix 的 Error 类型会自动的转化为 HTTP Response ，返回给客户端。
- ResponseError trait ：任何实现该 trait 的错误均可转化为HTTP Response 消息。
- 内置的实现： Actix-Web 对于常见错误有内置的实现，例如：
- Rust 标准 I/O 错误
- Serde 错误
- Web 错误，例如： ProtocolError 、 Utf8Error 、 ParseError 等等
- 其它错误类型：内置实现不可用时，需要自定义实现错误到 HTTP Response 的转换
创建自定义错误处理器
- 创建一个自定义错误类型
- 实现 From trait ，用于把其它错误类型转化为该类型
- 为自定义错误类型实现 ResponseError trait
- 在 handler 里返回自定义错误类型
- Actix 会把错误转化为 HTTP 响应
项目目录
ws on main [✘!?] via 🦀 1.67.1 via 🅒 base
➜ tree -a -I target
.
├── .env
├── .git
├── .gitignore
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── README.md
└── webservice
├── Cargo.toml
└── src
├── bin
│ ├── server1.rs
│ └── teacher-service.rs
├── db_access.rs
├── errors.rs
├── handlers.rs
├── main.rs
├── models.rs
├── routers.rs
└── state.rs
40 directories, 47 files
ws on main [✘!?] via 🦀 1.67.1 via 🅒 base
webservice/src/errors.rs
use actix_web::{error, http::StatusCode, HttpResponse, Result};
use serde::Serialize;
use sqlx::error::Error as SQLxError;
use std::fmt;
#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
pub enum MyError {
DBError(String),
ActixError(String),
NotFound(String),
}
#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
pub struct MyErrorResponse {
error_message: String,
}
impl MyError {
fn error_response(&self) -> String {
match self {
MyError::DBError(msg) => {
println!("Database error occurred: {:?}", msg);
"Database error".into()
}
MyError::ActixError(msg) => {
println!("Server error occurred: {:?}", msg);
"Internal server error".into()
}
MyError::NotFound(msg) => {
println!("Not found error occurred: {:?}", msg);
msg.into()
}
}
}
}
impl error::ResponseError for MyError {
fn status_code(&self) -> StatusCode {
match self {
MyError::DBError(msg) | MyError::ActixError(msg) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
MyError::NotFound(msg) => StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
}
}
fn error_response(&self) -> HttpResponse {
HttpResponse::build(self.status_code()).json(MyErrorResponse {
error_message: self.error_response(),
})
}
}
impl fmt::Display for MyError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
write!(f, "{}", self)
}
}
impl From<actix_web::error::Error> for MyError {
fn from(err: actix_web::error::Error) -> Self {
MyError::ActixError(err.to_string())
}
}
impl From<SQLxError> for MyError {
fn from(err: SQLxError) -> Self {
MyError::DBError(err.to_string())
}
}
webservice/src/bin/teacher-service.rs
use actix_web::{web, App, HttpServer};
use dotenv::dotenv;
use sqlx::postgres::PgPoolOptions;
use std::env;
use std::io;
use std::sync::Mutex;
#[path = "../db_access.rs"]
mod db_access;
#[path = "../errors.rs"]
mod errors;
#[path = "../handlers.rs"]
mod handlers;
#[path = "../models.rs"]
mod models;
#[path = "../routers.rs"]
mod routers;
#[path = "../state.rs"]
mod state;
use routers::*;
use state::AppState;
#[actix_rt::main]
async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
dotenv().ok();
let database_url = env::var("DATABASE_URL").expect("DATABASE_URL is not set.");
let db_pool = PgPoolOptions::new().connect(&database_url).await.unwrap();
let shared_data = web::Data::new(AppState {
health_check_response: "I'm Ok.".to_string(),
visit_count: Mutex::new(0),
// courses: Mutex::new(vec![]),
db: db_pool,
});
let app = move || {
App::new()
.app_data(shared_data.clone())
.configure(general_routes)
.configure(course_routes) // 路由注册
};
HttpServer::new(app).bind("127.0.0.1:3000")?.run().await
}
webservice/src/db_access.rs
use super::errors::MyError;
use super::models::*;
use chrono::NaiveDateTime;
use sqlx::postgres::PgPool;
pub async fn get_courses_for_teacher_db(
pool: &PgPool,
teacher_id: i32,
) -> Result<Vec<Course>, MyError> {
let rows = sqlx::query!(
r#"SELECT id, teacher_id, name, time FROM course WHERE teacher_id = $1"#,
teacher_id
)
.fetch_all(pool)
.await?;
let courses: Vec<Course> = rows
.iter()
.map(|row| Course {
id: Some(row.id),
teacher_id: row.teacher_id,
name: row.name.clone(),
time: Some(NaiveDateTime::from(row.time.unwrap())),
})
.collect();
match courses.len() {
0 => Err(MyError::NotFound("Courses not found teacher".into())),
_ => Ok(courses),
}
}
pub async fn get_courses_detail_db(pool: &PgPool, teacher_id: i32, course_id: i32) -> Course {
let row = sqlx::query!(
r#"SELECT id, teacher_id, name, time FROM course WHERE teacher_id = $1 and id = $2"#,
teacher_id,
course_id
)
.fetch_one(pool)
.await
.unwrap();
Course {
id: Some(row.id),
teacher_id: row.teacher_id,
name: row.name.clone(),
time: Some(NaiveDateTime::from(row.time.unwrap())),
}
}
pub async fn post_new_course_db(pool: &PgPool, new_course: Course) -> Course {
let row = sqlx::query!(
r#"INSERT INTO course (id, teacher_id, name) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
RETURNING id, teacher_id, name, time"#,
new_course.id,
new_course.teacher_id,
new_course.name
)
.fetch_one(pool)
.await
.unwrap();
Course {
id: Some(row.id),
teacher_id: row.teacher_id,
name: row.name.clone(),
time: Some(NaiveDateTime::from(row.time.unwrap())),
}
}
webservice/src/handlers.rs
use super::db_access::*;
use super::errors::MyError;
use super::state::AppState;
use actix_web::{web, HttpResponse};
pub async fn health_check_handler(app_state: web::Data<AppState>) -> HttpResponse {
let health_check_response = &app_state.health_check_response;
let mut visit_count = app_state.visit_count.lock().unwrap();
let response = format!("{} {} times", health_check_response, visit_count);
*visit_count += 1;
HttpResponse::Ok().json(&response)
}
use super::models::Course;
pub async fn new_course(
new_course: web::Json<Course>,
app_state: web::Data<AppState>,
) -> HttpResponse {
let course = post_new_course_db(&app_state.db, new_course.into()).await;
HttpResponse::Ok().json(course)
}
pub async fn get_courses_for_tescher(
app_state: web::Data<AppState>,
params: web::Path<usize>,
) -> Result<HttpResponse, MyError> {
let teacher_id = i32::try_from(params.into_inner()).unwrap();
get_courses_for_teacher_db(&app_state.db, teacher_id)
.await
.map(|courses| HttpResponse::Ok().json(courses))
}
pub async fn get_courses_detail(
app_state: web::Data<AppState>,
params: web::Path<(usize, usize)>,
) -> HttpResponse {
let teacher_id = i32::try_from(params.0).unwrap();
let course_id = i32::try_from(params.1).unwrap();
let course = get_courses_detail_db(&app_state.db, teacher_id, course_id).await;
HttpResponse::Ok().json(course)
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
use actix_web::http::StatusCode;
use dotenv::dotenv;
use sqlx::postgres::PgPoolOptions;
use std::env;
use std::sync::Mutex;
#[actix_rt::test] // 异步测试
async fn post_course_test() {
dotenv().ok();
let db_url = env::var("DATABASE_URL").expect("DATABASE_URL is not set");
let db_pool = PgPoolOptions::new().connect(&db_url).await.unwrap();
let app_state: web::Data<AppState> = web::Data::new(AppState {
health_check_response: "".to_string(),
visit_count: Mutex::new(0),
db: db_pool,
});
let course = web::Json(Course {
teacher_id: 1,
name: "Test course".into(),
id: Some(3), // serial
time: None,
});
let resp = new_course(course, app_state).await;
assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
}
#[actix_rt::test]
async fn get_all_courses_success() {
dotenv().ok();
let db_url = env::var("DATABASE_URL").expect("DATABASE_URL is not set");
let db_pool = PgPoolOptions::new().connect(&db_url).await.unwrap();
let app_state: web::Data<AppState> = web::Data::new(AppState {
health_check_response: "".to_string(),
visit_count: Mutex::new(0),
db: db_pool,
});
let teacher_id: web::Path<usize> = web::Path::from(1);
let resp = get_courses_for_tescher(app_state, teacher_id)
.await
.unwrap();
assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
}
#[actix_rt::test]
async fn get_one_course_success() {
dotenv().ok();
let db_url = env::var("DATABASE_URL").expect("DATABASE_URL is not set");
let db_pool = PgPoolOptions::new().connect(&db_url).await.unwrap();
let app_state: web::Data<AppState> = web::Data::new(AppState {
health_check_response: "".to_string(),
visit_count: Mutex::new(0),
db: db_pool,
});
let params: web::Path<(usize, usize)> = web::Path::from((1, 1));
let resp = get_courses_detail(app_state, params).await;
assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
}
}
测试
ws on main via 🦀 1.67.1 via 🅒 base
➜ cargo test --bin teacher-service get_all_courses_success
Compiling webservice v0.1.0 (/Users/qiaopengjun/rust/ws/webservice)
warning: unused variable: `msg`
--> webservice/src/bin/../errors.rs:39:30
|
39 | MyError::DBError(msg) | MyError::ActixError(msg) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
| ^^^ ^^^
|
= note: `#[warn(unused_variables)]` on by default
help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore
|
39 | MyError::DBError(_msg) | MyError::ActixError(_msg) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
| ~~~~ ~~~~
warning: unused variable: `msg`
--> webservice/src/bin/../errors.rs:40:31
|
40 | MyError::NotFound(msg) => StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
| ^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_msg`
warning: `webservice` (bin "teacher-service" test) generated 2 warnings (run `cargo fix --bin "teacher-service" --tests` to apply 2 suggestions)
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.55s
Running unittests src/bin/teacher-service.rs (target/debug/deps/teacher_service-32d6a48d6ee3c4b4)
running 1 test
test handlers::tests::get_all_courses_success ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 2 filtered out; finished in 0.01s
ws on main [✘!?] via 🦀 1.67.1 via 🅒 base took 2.1s
➜
webservice/src/db_access.rs
use super::errors::MyError;
use super::models::*;
use chrono::NaiveDateTime;
use sqlx::postgres::PgPool;
pub async fn get_courses_for_teacher_db(
pool: &PgPool,
teacher_id: i32,
) -> Result<Vec<Course>, MyError> {
let rows = sqlx::query!(
r#"SELECT id, teacher_id, name, time FROM course WHERE teacher_id = $1"#,
teacher_id
)
.fetch_all(pool)
.await?;
let courses: Vec<Course> = rows
.iter()
.map(|row| Course {
id: Some(row.id),
teacher_id: row.teacher_id,
name: row.name.clone(),
time: Some(NaiveDateTime::from(row.time.unwrap())),
})
.collect();
match courses.len() {
0 => Err(MyError::NotFound("Courses not found teacher".into())),
_ => Ok(courses),
}
}
pub async fn get_courses_detail_db(
pool: &PgPool,
teacher_id: i32,
course_id: i32,
) -> Result<Course, MyError> {
let row = sqlx::query!(
r#"SELECT id, teacher_id, name, time FROM course WHERE teacher_id = $1 and id = $2"#,
teacher_id,
course_id
)
.fetch_one(pool)
.await;
if let Ok(row) = row {
Ok(Course {
id: Some(row.id),
teacher_id: row.teacher_id,
name: row.name.clone(),
time: Some(NaiveDateTime::from(row.time.unwrap())),
})
} else {
Err(MyError::NotFound("Course Id not found".into()))
}
}
pub async fn post_new_course_db(pool: &PgPool, new_course: Course) -> Result<Course, MyError> {
let row = sqlx::query!(
r#"INSERT INTO course (id, teacher_id, name) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
RETURNING id, teacher_id, name, time"#,
new_course.id,
new_course.teacher_id,
new_course.name
)
.fetch_one(pool)
.await?;
Ok(Course {
id: Some(row.id),
teacher_id: row.teacher_id,
name: row.name.clone(),
time: Some(NaiveDateTime::from(row.time.unwrap())),
})
}
webservice/src/handlers.rs文章来源：https://www.toymoban.com/news/detail-465446.html
use super::db_access::*;
use super::errors::MyError;
use super::state::AppState;
use actix_web::{web, HttpResponse};
pub async fn health_check_handler(app_state: web::Data<AppState>) -> HttpResponse {
let health_check_response = &app_state.health_check_response;
let mut visit_count = app_state.visit_count.lock().unwrap();
let response = format!("{} {} times", health_check_response, visit_count);
*visit_count += 1;
HttpResponse::Ok().json(&response)
}
use super::models::Course;
pub async fn new_course(
new_course: web::Json<Course>,
app_state: web::Data<AppState>,
) -> Result<HttpResponse, MyError> {
post_new_course_db(&app_state.db, new_course.into())
.await
.map(|course| HttpResponse::Ok().json(course))
}
pub async fn get_courses_for_tescher(
app_state: web::Data<AppState>,
params: web::Path<usize>,
) -> Result<HttpResponse, MyError> {
let teacher_id = i32::try_from(params.into_inner()).unwrap();
get_courses_for_teacher_db(&app_state.db, teacher_id)
.await
.map(|courses| HttpResponse::Ok().json(courses))
}
pub async fn get_courses_detail(
app_state: web::Data<AppState>,
params: web::Path<(usize, usize)>,
) -> Result<HttpResponse, MyError> {
let teacher_id = i32::try_from(params.0).unwrap();
let course_id = i32::try_from(params.1).unwrap();
get_courses_detail_db(&app_state.db, teacher_id, course_id)
.await
.map(|course| HttpResponse::Ok().json(course))
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
use actix_web::http::StatusCode;
use dotenv::dotenv;
use sqlx::postgres::PgPoolOptions;
use std::env;
use std::sync::Mutex;
#[ignore]
#[actix_rt::test] // 异步测试
async fn post_course_test() {
dotenv().ok();
let db_url = env::var("DATABASE_URL").expect("DATABASE_URL is not set");
let db_pool = PgPoolOptions::new().connect(&db_url).await.unwrap();
let app_state: web::Data<AppState> = web::Data::new(AppState {
health_check_response: "".to_string(),
visit_count: Mutex::new(0),
db: db_pool,
});
let course = web::Json(Course {
teacher_id: 1,
name: "Test course".into(),
id: Some(5), // serial
time: None,
});
let resp = new_course(course, app_state).await.unwrap();
assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
}
#[actix_rt::test]
async fn get_all_courses_success() {
dotenv().ok();
let db_url = env::var("DATABASE_URL").expect("DATABASE_URL is not set");
let db_pool = PgPoolOptions::new().connect(&db_url).await.unwrap();
let app_state: web::Data<AppState> = web::Data::new(AppState {
health_check_response: "".to_string(),
visit_count: Mutex::new(0),
db: db_pool,
});
let teacher_id: web::Path<usize> = web::Path::from(1);
let resp = get_courses_for_tescher(app_state, teacher_id)
.await
.unwrap();
assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
}
#[actix_rt::test]
async fn get_one_course_success() {
dotenv().ok();
let db_url = env::var("DATABASE_URL").expect("DATABASE_URL is not set");
let db_pool = PgPoolOptions::new().connect(&db_url).await.unwrap();
let app_state: web::Data<AppState> = web::Data::new(AppState {
health_check_response: "".to_string(),
visit_count: Mutex::new(0),
db: db_pool,
});
let params: web::Path<(usize, usize)> = web::Path::from((1, 1));
let resp = get_courses_detail(app_state, params).await.unwrap();
assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
}
}
测试文章来源地址https://www.toymoban.com/news/detail-465446.html
ws on main [✘!?] via 🦀 1.67.1 via 🅒 base took 2.1s
➜ cargo test --bin teacher-service
Compiling webservice v0.1.0 (/Users/qiaopengjun/rust/ws/webservice)
warning: unused variable: `msg`
--> webservice/src/bin/../errors.rs:39:30
|
39 | MyError::DBError(msg) | MyError::ActixError(msg) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
| ^^^ ^^^
|
= note: `#[warn(unused_variables)]` on by default
help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore
|
39 | MyError::DBError(_msg) | MyError::ActixError(_msg) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
| ~~~~ ~~~~
warning: unused variable: `msg`
--> webservice/src/bin/../errors.rs:40:31
|
40 | MyError::NotFound(msg) => StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
| ^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_msg`
warning: `webservice` (bin "teacher-service" test) generated 2 warnings (run `cargo fix --bin "teacher-service" --tests` to apply 2 suggestions)
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.27s
Running unittests src/bin/teacher-service.rs (target/debug/deps/teacher_service-32d6a48d6ee3c4b4)
running 3 tests
test handlers::tests::get_one_course_success ... ok
test handlers::tests::get_all_courses_success ... ok
test handlers::tests::post_course_test ... ok
test result: ok. 3 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.02s
ws on main [✘!?] via 🦀 1.67.1 via 🅒 base
➜
ws on main [✘!?] via 🦀 1.67.1 via 🅒 base
➜ cargo test --bin teacher-service
Compiling webservice v0.1.0 (/Users/qiaopengjun/rust/ws/webservice)
warning: unused variable: `msg`
--> webservice/src/bin/../errors.rs:39:30
|
39 | MyError::DBError(msg) | MyError::ActixError(msg) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
| ^^^ ^^^
|
= note: `#[warn(unused_variables)]` on by default
help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore
|
39 | MyError::DBError(_msg) | MyError::ActixError(_msg) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
| ~~~~ ~~~~
warning: unused variable: `msg`
--> webservice/src/bin/../errors.rs:40:31
|
40 | MyError::NotFound(msg) => StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
| ^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_msg`
warning: `webservice` (bin "teacher-service" test) generated 2 warnings (run `cargo fix --bin "teacher-service" --tests` to apply 2 suggestions)
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.71s
Running unittests src/bin/teacher-service.rs (target/debug/deps/teacher_service-32d6a48d6ee3c4b4)
running 3 tests
test handlers::tests::post_course_test ... ignored
test handlers::tests::get_one_course_success ... ok
test handlers::tests::get_all_courses_success ... ok
test result: ok. 2 passed; 0 failed; 1 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.01s
ws on main [✘!?] via 🦀 1.67.1 via 🅒 base
➜
到了这里，关于Rust Web 全栈开发之 Web Service 中的错误处理的文章就介绍完了。如果您还想了解更多内容，请在右上角搜索TOY模板网以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章，希望大家以后多多支持TOY模板网！
