Docker命令详解

一、帮助启动命令

启动docker : systemctl start docker

停止docker：systemctl stop docker

重启docker：systemctl restart docker

查看docker状态：systemctl status docker

开机启动：systemctl enable docker

查看docker概要信息：docker info

查看docker总体帮助文档：docker --help

查看docker命令帮助文档：docker 具体命令 --help

[root@localhost ~]# docker cp --help

Usage:  docker cp [OPTIONS] CONTAINER:SRC_PATH DEST_PATH|-
        docker cp [OPTIONS] SRC_PATH|- CONTAINER:DEST_PATH

Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem

Use '-' as the source to read a tar archive from stdin
and extract it to a directory destination in a container.
Use '-' as the destination to stream a tar archive of a
container source to stdout.

Options:
  -a, --archive       Archive mode (copy all uid/gid information)
  -L, --follow-link   Always follow symbol link in SRC_PATH

二、镜像命令

1.docker images

列出本地主机上的镜像：docker images

OPTIONS：

• -a :列出本地所有的镜像（含历史映像层）
• -q :只显示镜像ID

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                                      TAG                     IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
minio/minio                                     latest                  1370947c8f2f   2 weeks ago     363MB
lhstack/small-dns                               latest                  96cd34ad57b3   10 months ago   12.4MB
agent                                           1.0.0                   918981bf63a2   11 months ago   574MB
openjdk                                         8                       5bf086edab5e   12 months ago   526MB
mongo                                           latest                  96c85f49715a   12 months ago   690MB
redis                                           latest                  1ca2c2a1b554   12 months ago   117MB
mariadb                                         latest                  6e0162b44a5f   14 months ago   414MB
openresty/openresty                             1.19.9.1-4-alpine-fat   b9ec71f7ed51   18 months ago   340MB
docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch   7.2.0                   0efa6a3de177   3 years ago     861MB
mobz/elasticsearch-head                         5-alpine                e2a76963bc18   6 years ago     78.9MB

[root@localhost ~]# docker images -a
REPOSITORY                                      TAG                     IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
minio/minio                                     latest                  1370947c8f2f   2 weeks ago     363MB
lhstack/small-dns                               latest                  96cd34ad57b3   10 months ago   12.4MB
agent                                           1.0.0                   918981bf63a2   11 months ago   574MB
<none>                                          <none>                  3827347179f4   11 months ago   574MB
<none>                                          <none>                  f3502886a517   11 months ago   574MB
<none>                                          <none>                  94d28d355ddc   11 months ago   574MB
<none>                                          <none>                  3d9be7f6987b   11 months ago   526MB
<none>                                          <none>                  141fbfacaf04   11 months ago   526MB
<none>                                          <none>                  d98daa7f14e1   11 months ago   526MB
openjdk                                         8                       5bf086edab5e   12 months ago   526MB
mongo                                           latest                  96c85f49715a   12 months ago   690MB
redis                                           latest                  1ca2c2a1b554   12 months ago   117MB
mariadb                                         latest                  6e0162b44a5f   14 months ago   414MB
openresty/openresty                             1.19.9.1-4-alpine-fat   b9ec71f7ed51   18 months ago   340MB
docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch   7.2.0                   0efa6a3de177   3 years ago     861MB
mobz/elasticsearch-head                         5-alpine                e2a76963bc18   6 years ago     78.9MB

[root@localhost ~]# docker images -q
1370947c8f2f
96cd34ad57b3
918981bf63a2
5bf086edab5e
96c85f49715a
1ca2c2a1b554
6e0162b44a5f
b9ec71f7ed51
0efa6a3de177
e2a76963bc18

• REPOSITORY：镜像的仓库源
• TAG：镜像的标签版本号
• IMAGE ID：镜像ID
• CREATED：镜像创建时间
• SIZE：镜像大小

同一仓库源可以有多个TAG版本，代表这个仓库源的不同版本，使用REPOSITORY:TAG 来定义不同的镜像。如果不指定一个镜像的版本标签，例如只使用 ubuntu，docker 将默认使用ubuntu:latest 镜像

虚悬镜像dangling image：上图中仓库名、标签都是的镜像

2.docker search

docker search 镜像名字：从docker hub（https://hub.docker.com）上查找对应的镜像。

[root@localhost ~]# docker search hello-world
NAME                                       DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
hello-world                                Hello World! (an example of minimal Dockeriz…   2039      [OK]       
kitematic/hello-world-nginx                A light-weight nginx container that demonstr…   152                  
tutum/hello-world                          Image to test docker deployments. Has Apache…   90                   [OK]
dockercloud/hello-world                    Hello World!                                    20                   [OK]
crccheck/hello-world                       Hello World web server in under 2.5 MB          17                   [OK]
vad1mo/hello-world-rest                    A simple REST Service that echoes back all t…   7                    [OK]
rancher/hello-world                                                                        4                    
ansibleplaybookbundle/hello-world-db-apb   An APB which deploys a sample Hello World! a…   2                    [OK]
ppc64le/hello-world                        Hello World! (an example of minimal Dockeriz…   2                    
thomaspoignant/hello-world-rest-json       This project is a REST hello-world API to bu…   2                    
ansibleplaybookbundle/hello-world-apb      An APB which deploys a sample Hello World! a…   1                    [OK]
businessgeeks00/hello-world-nodejs                                                         0                    
okteto/hello-world                                                                         0                    
strimzi/hello-world-consumer                                                               0                    
strimzi/hello-world-producer                                                               0                    
golift/hello-world                         Hello World Go-App built by Go Lift Applicat…   0                    
koudaiii/hello-world                                                                       0                    
freddiedevops/hello-world-spring-boot                                                      0                    
strimzi/hello-world-streams                                                                0                    
garystafford/hello-world                   Simple hello-world Spring Boot service for t…   0                    [OK]
tacc/hello-world                                                                           0                    
tsepotesting123/hello-world                                                                0                    
kevindockercompany/hello-world                                                             0                    
dandando/hello-world-dotnet                                                                0                    
armswdev/c-hello-world                     Simple hello-world C program on Alpine Linux…   0                    

• NAME：镜像名字
• DESCRIPTION：镜像说明
• STARS：点赞数
• OFFICIAL：是否是官方
• AUTOMATED：是否是自动构建

docker search [OPTIONS] 镜像名字：条件查找镜像

• –limit:只列出n个镜像，默认25个

[root@localhost ~]# docker search --limit 3 hello-world
NAME                  DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
hello-world           Hello World! (an example of minimal Dockeriz…   2039      [OK]       
rancher/hello-world                                                   4                    
okteto/hello-world                                                    0                    

3.docker pull

• docker pull 镜像名字：拉取最新版本（相当于docker pull 镜像名字 latest）
• docker pull 镜像名字 [:tag]：拉取指定版本

[root@localhost ~]# docker pull hello-world
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
719385e32844: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:fc6cf906cbfa013e80938cdf0bb199fbdbb86d6e3e013783e5a766f50f5dbce0
Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest
docker.io/library/hello-world:latest

[root@localhost ~]# docker pull redis:6.2.4
6.2.4: Pulling from library/redis
33847f680f63: Pull complete 
26a746039521: Pull complete 
18d87da94363: Pull complete 
78e9d65cb9ae: Pull complete 
985fcd1202ac: Pull complete 
ffbec49e5b6a: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:6bc98f513258e0c17bd150a7a26f38a8ce3e7d584f0c451cf31df70d461a200a
Status: Downloaded newer image for redis:6.2.4
docker.io/library/redis:6.2.4

4.docker system df

查看镜像/容器/数据卷所占空间

[root@localhost ~]# docker system df
TYPE            TOTAL     ACTIVE    SIZE      RECLAIMABLE
Images          12        9         3.556GB   631.5MB (17%)
Containers      10        3         318.4kB   318.4kB (99%)
Local Volumes   19        6         1.205GB   119.9MB (9%)
Build Cache     0         0         0B        0B

5.docker rmi

docker rmi 镜像名字/ID

• 删除单个：docker rmi -f 镜像ID
• 删除多个：docker rmi -f 镜像名1:TAG 镜像名2:TAG
• 删除全部：docker rmi -f $(docker images -qa)

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                                      TAG                     IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
minio/minio                                     latest                  1370947c8f2f   2 weeks ago     363MB
hello-world                                     latest                  9c7a54a9a43c   4 weeks ago     13.3kB
lhstack/small-dns                               latest                  96cd34ad57b3   10 months ago   12.4MB
agent                                           1.0.0                   918981bf63a2   11 months ago   574MB
openjdk                                         8                       5bf086edab5e   12 months ago   526MB
mongo                                           latest                  96c85f49715a   12 months ago   690MB
redis                                           latest                  1ca2c2a1b554   12 months ago   117MB
mariadb                                         latest                  6e0162b44a5f   14 months ago   414MB
openresty/openresty                             1.19.9.1-4-alpine-fat   b9ec71f7ed51   18 months ago   340MB
redis                                           6.2.4                   9dae5b22eb39   22 months ago   105MB
docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch   7.2.0                   0efa6a3de177   3 years ago     861MB
mobz/elasticsearch-head                         5-alpine                e2a76963bc18   6 years ago     78.9MB
[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi 9dae5b22eb39
Untagged: redis:6.2.4
Untagged: redis@sha256:6bc98f513258e0c17bd150a7a26f38a8ce3e7d584f0c451cf31df70d461a200a
Deleted: sha256:9dae5b22eb39cce1b58967d6425a2617b51338a2fdab3a05a66d2fa12f11f094
Deleted: sha256:38887028d023f832c8af04be98c6794e22f6ccf77f523d364fe37888970f56db
Deleted: sha256:8d159ba2313ce920e80fbc1cc5f5c3c5e99d36f601531720f2ccbb966b79376c
Deleted: sha256:64cee1d06a6acc67a7125d52976f840b0aa9e52719d1dbf631420f32482d4ccd
Deleted: sha256:188c498579cef37b65a93d6448c6b129fa07d5740fc213a18843ff22d80cd10d
Deleted: sha256:2117165cd53c98f13ec7af36c9d8acd239fc541c847efaccb49885decf615d68
Deleted: sha256:814bff7343242acfd20a2c841e041dd57c50f0cf844d4abd2329f78b992197f4

三、容器命令

1.新建+启动容器

docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]

• –name=“容器新名字”       为容器指定一个名称；
• -d: 后台运行容器并返回容器ID，也即启动守护式容器(后台运行)；
• -i：以交互模式运行容器，通常与 -t 同时使用；
• -t：为容器重新分配一个伪输入终端，通常与 -i 同时使用；也即启动交互式容器(前台有伪终端，等待交互)；
• -P: 随机端口映射
• -p: 指定端口映射

-p hostPort:containerPort：端口映射 -p 8080:80
-p ip:hostPort:containerPort：配置监听地址 -p 10.0.0.0:8080:80
-p ip::containerPort：随机分配端口 -p 10.0.0.0::80
-p hostPort:containerPort:udp：指定协议 -p 8080:80:tcp
-p 80:80 -p 443:443：指定多个

hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker run -it centos bash
[root@83c857543d80 /]# ps -ef
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root         1     0  0 13:19 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
root        16     1  0 13:20 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef
[root@83c857543d80 /]# ls -lf
home  media  etc  sbin	mnt  .	bin  tmp  lib  dev  opt  root  run  proc  sys  usr  srv  ..  lib64  var  lost+found  .dockerenv
[root@83c857543d80 /]# exit
exit
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker run --name=mycentos centos
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                                                 COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS                      PORTS                                                 NAMES
4e548998672e   centos                                                "/bin/bash"              5 seconds ago    Exited (0) 3 seconds ago                                                          mycentos
83c857543d80   centos                                                "bash"                   10 minutes ago   Exited (0) 7 minutes ago                                                          naughty_lehmann
7355d7e19de5   centos                                                "bash"                   10 minutes ago   Exited (0) 10 minutes ago                                                         heuristic_edison

2.查看当前所有正在运行的容器

docker ps [OPTIONS]

• -a :列出当前所有正在运行的容器+历史上运行过的
• -l :显示最近创建的容器。
• -n：显示最近n个创建的容器。
• -q :静默模式，只显示容器编号。

hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                                                 COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS                      PORTS                                                 NAMES
4e548998672e   centos                                                "/bin/bash"              5 seconds ago    Exited (0) 3 seconds ago                                                          mycentos
83c857543d80   centos                                                "bash"                   10 minutes ago   Exited (0) 7 minutes ago                                                          naughty_lehmann
7355d7e19de5   centos                                                "bash"                   10 minutes ago   Exited (0) 10 minutes ago                                                         heuristic_edison
e7e2b18fadf0   apacherocketmq/rocketmq-dashboard:latest              "sh -c 'java $JAVA_O…"   7 weeks ago      Exited (255) 4 days ago     0.0.0.0:8080->8080/tcp, :::8080->8080/tcp             rocketmq-dashboard
e13b2badcf88   xuxueli/xxl-job-admin:2.3.1                           "sh -c 'java -jar $J…"   2 months ago     Up 13 hours                 0.0.0.0:8787->8081/tcp, :::8787->8081/tcp             xxl-job
da73c24a7fda   nginx                                                 "/docker-entrypoint.…"   2 months ago     Exited (0) 2 months ago                                                           nginx
06d84894f6ca   centos:latest                                         "/bin/bash"              2 months ago     Up 12 hours                                                                       elated_matsumoto
5c2845b99941   docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch:7.1.0   "/usr/local/bin/dock…"   4 months ago     Exited (255) 2 months ago   0.0.0.0:9200->9200/tcp, :::9200->9200/tcp, 9300/tcp   es7_01
a14873b0bdec   docker.elastic.co/kibana/kibana:7.1.0                 "/usr/local/bin/kiba…"   4 months ago     Exited (255) 2 months ago   0.0.0.0:5601->5601/tcp, :::5601->5601/tcp             kibana7
c089a67feb25   docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch:7.1.0   "/usr/local/bin/dock…"   4 months ago     Exited (137) 4 months ago                                                         es7_02
5047a993af2a   lmenezes/cerebro:0.8.3                                "/opt/cerebro/bin/ce…"   4 months ago     Exited (255) 2 months ago   0.0.0.0:9000->9000/tcp, :::9000->9000/tcp             cerebro
0f12d73328e5   hello-world                                           "/hello"                 4 months ago     Exited (0) 4 months ago                                                           tender_jackson
4716629faa58   bitnami/kafka                                         "/opt/bitnami/script…"   4 months ago     Exited (255) 4 months ago   9092/tcp                                              sad_booth
21a958642038   zookeeper                                             "/docker-entrypoint.…"   4 months ago     Exited (255) 4 months ago   2181/tcp, 2888/tcp, 3888/tcp, 8080/tcp                elegant_antonelli

hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker ps -q
e13b2badcf88
06d84894f6ca

hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker ps -n 1
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
4e548998672e   centos    "/bin/bash"   4 minutes ago   Exited (0) 4 minutes ago             mycentos
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % 

3.退出容器

• exit：容器停止
• ctrl+p+q：容器不停止

4.启动已停止的容器

docker start 容器ID/容器名

hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker ps -n2
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
4e548998672e   centos    "/bin/bash"   11 minutes ago   Exited (0) 11 minutes ago             mycentos
83c857543d80   centos    "bash"        22 minutes ago   Exited (0) 19 minutes ago             naughty_lehmann
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker start 4e548998672e
4e548998672e
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % 

5.重启容器

docker restart 容器ID/容器名

6.停止容器

docker stop 容器ID/容器名

7.强制停止容器

docker kill 容器id/容器名

8.删除已经停止的容器

docker rm 容器id

一次性删除多个容器实例：

• docker rm -f $(docker ps -a -q)
• docker ps -a -q | xargs docker rm

hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker ps -n2            
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
4e548998672e   centos    "/bin/bash"   13 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 seconds ago              mycentos
83c857543d80   centos    "bash"        23 minutes ago   Exited (0) 20 minutes ago             naughty_lehmann
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker rm 4e548998672e
4e548998672e

hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                         COMMAND                  CREATED        STATUS        PORTS                                       NAMES
e13b2badcf88   xuxueli/xxl-job-admin:2.3.1   "sh -c 'java -jar $J…"   2 months ago   Up 13 hours   0.0.0.0:8787->8081/tcp, :::8787->8081/tcp   xxl-job
06d84894f6ca   centos:latest                 "/bin/bash"              2 months ago   Up 13 hours                                               elated_matsumoto
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker rm e13b2badcf88
Error response from daemon: You cannot remove a running container e13b2badcf884fc97d7ccfe85a066c7b61ae8642715ce08a64f9c00f64c7e955. Stop the container before attempting removal or force remove
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker rm -f e13b2badcf88
e13b2badcf88

9.后台运行容器

run命令执行过程：
1.Docker在本地寻找镜像
2.本机存在镜像，以该镜像为模板生产容器实例运行
3.本机不存在镜像，去docker hub上查找镜像
4.docker hub找不到，返回错误，查不到该镜像
5.docker hub找到，下载该镜像到本地，以该镜像为模板生产容器实例运行

Docker容器后台运行,就必须有一个前台进程。容器运行的命令如果不是那些一直挂起的命令（比如运行top，tail），就是会自动退出的。

hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker run --name=mycentos centos
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

docker 的服务是在后台运行的， 可以过 -d 指定容器的后台运行模式。
docker run -d 容器名

hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker run -d redis
417d29580fad28a8c64b16d52b86c50249f90645a9df68d86db3cee0645b6467
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS      NAMES
417d29580fad   redis     "docker-entrypoint.s…"   3 seconds ago   Up 2 seconds   6379/tcp   hopeful_pascal
hongcaixia@hongcaixiadeMacBook-Pro ~ % 

10.进入正在运行的容器并以命令行交互

重新进入已经退出了交互界面的正在运行的容器的交互界面：

• docker exec -it 容器ID /bin/bash：在容器中打开新的终端，可以启动新的进程；用exit退出，不会导致容器的停止。（推荐）
• docker attach 容器ID：直接进入容器启动命令的终端，不会启动新的进程；用exit退出，会导致容器的停止。

11.查看容器日志

docker logs 容器ID

12.查看容器内运行的进程

docker top 容器ID

root@hmd-jenkins:~# docker top a3d02a8c6f13
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                751240              751218              0                   13:33               ?                   00:00:01            tini java -javaagent:./jacocoagent.jar=includes=com.*,output=tcpserver,port=17297,address=0.0.0.0,append=true -jar api.jar --spring.profiles.active=dev
root                751269              751240              1                   13:33               ?                   00:06:26            java -javaagent:./jacocoagent.jar=includes=com.*,output=tcpserver,port=17297,address=0.0.0.0,append=true -jar api.jar --spring.profiles.active=dev
root@hmd-jenkins:~#

13.查看容器内部细节

docker inspect 容器ID

14.从容器内拷贝文件到主机上

docker cp 容器ID:容器内路径 目的主机路径

15.导入和导出容器

• export： 导出容器的内容留作为一个tar归档文件，对应import命令

• import： 从tar包中的内容创建一个新的文件系统再导入为镜像，对应export

• 把镜像导出成文件：docker export 容器ID > 文件名.tar

• 把文件导入到容器中：cat 文件名.tar | docker import - 镜像用户/镜像名:镜像版本号

四、总结

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