1、前言
使用 Postman 进行接口测试，如下图。
在 Postman 的代码段里，可以转换你需要的不同语言的代码，其中就可以转换 cURL 代码。
将此代码复制到命令行里执行，可以执行成功，请求结果和在 Postman 里执行的结果一样。
cURL 在命令行或脚本中用于传输数据。
2、简介
cURL 是一个利用 URL 语法在命令行下工作的文件传输工具，1997年首次发行。它支持文件上传和下载，所以是综合传输工具，但按传统习惯称 cURL 为下载工具。cURL 还包含了用于程序开发的 libcurl。
cURL 支持的通信协议有 FTP、FTPS、HTTP、HTTPS、TFTP、SFTP、Gopher、SCP、Telnet、DICT、FILE、LDAP、LDAPS、IMAP、POP3、SMTP 和 RTSP。
cURL 还用于汽车、电视机、路由器、打印机、音频设备、移动电话、平板电脑、机顶盒、媒体播放器，是超过100亿个安装中数千个软件应用程序的互联网传输引擎。
官方网址：
https://curl.se/
3、命令参数
基本操作命令：
curl -X <method> [-H “xxx:xxx”]… [-d “xxx=xxx”]… url
-X ：请求方式 GET、POST。。。。。。
-H ：请求头header
-d ：POST/PUT/。。。请求所带的form表单或body，GET请求无视这个参数
url ：请求地址示例1：GET请求
curl -X GET "http://httpbin.org/get?aaa=123&bbb=456"
示例2：POST请求，参数为form表单
curl -X POST "http://httpbin.org/post" -d "aaa=123" -d "bbb=456"
示例3：POST请求，参数为json，并且有请求头header参数
curl -X POST "http://httpbin.org/post" -H "accesstoken: test123" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"cancel": 0,"services": [{"status": 1,"code": "001"}],"model": "demo","id": "test123-001"}'
查找更多参数，输入命令 curl --help 即可。
wangmeng@wangmengdeMacBook-Pro ~ % curl --help
Usage: curl [options...] <url>
--abstract-unix-socket <path> Connect via abstract Unix domain socket
--alt-svc <file name> Enable alt-svc with this cache file
--anyauth Pick any authentication method
-a, --append Append to target file when uploading
--basic Use HTTP Basic Authentication
--cacert <file> CA certificate to verify peer against
--capath <dir> CA directory to verify peer against
-E, --cert <certificate[:password]> Client certificate file and password
--cert-status Verify the status of the server certificate
--cert-type <type> Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG)
--ciphers <list of ciphers> SSL ciphers to use
--compressed Request compressed response
--compressed-ssh Enable SSH compression
-K, --config <file> Read config from a file
--connect-timeout <seconds> Maximum time allowed for connection
--connect-to <HOST1:PORT1:HOST2:PORT2> Connect to host
-C, --continue-at <offset> Resumed transfer offset
-b, --cookie <data|filename> Send cookies from string/file
-c, --cookie-jar <filename> Write cookies to <filename> after operation
--create-dirs Create necessary local directory hierarchy
--crlf Convert LF to CRLF in upload
--crlfile <file> Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
-d, --data <data> HTTP POST data
--data-ascii <data> HTTP POST ASCII data
--data-binary <data> HTTP POST binary data
--data-raw <data> HTTP POST data, '@' allowed
--data-urlencode <data> HTTP POST data url encoded
--delegation <LEVEL> GSS-API delegation permission
--digest Use HTTP Digest Authentication
-q, --disable Disable .curlrc
--disable-eprt Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT
--disable-epsv Inhibit using EPSV
--disallow-username-in-url Disallow username in url
--dns-interface <interface> Interface to use for DNS requests
--dns-ipv4-addr <address> IPv4 address to use for DNS requests
--dns-ipv6-addr <address> IPv6 address to use for DNS requests
--dns-servers <addresses> DNS server addrs to use
--doh-url <URL> Resolve host names over DOH
-D, --dump-header <filename> Write the received headers to <filename>
--egd-file <file> EGD socket path for random data
--engine <name> Crypto engine to use
--expect100-timeout <seconds> How long to wait for 100-continue
-f, --fail Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors
--fail-early Fail on first transfer error, do not continue
--false-start Enable TLS False Start
-F, --form <name=content> Specify multipart MIME data
--form-string <name=string> Specify multipart MIME data
--ftp-account <data> Account data string
--ftp-alternative-to-user <command> String to replace USER [name]
--ftp-create-dirs Create the remote dirs if not present
--ftp-method <method> Control CWD usage
--ftp-pasv Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT
-P, --ftp-port <address> Use PORT instead of PASV
--ftp-pret Send PRET before PASV
--ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV
--ftp-ssl-ccc Send CCC after authenticating
--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode <active/passive> Set CCC mode
--ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for FTP login, clear for transfer
-G, --get Put the post data in the URL and use GET
-g, --globoff Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []
--happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms <milliseconds> How long to wait in milliseconds for IPv6 before trying IPv4
--haproxy-protocol Send HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header
-I, --head Show document info only
-H, --header <header/@file> Pass custom header(s) to server
-h, --help This help text
--hostpubmd5 <md5> Acceptable MD5 hash of the host public key
--http0.9 Allow HTTP 0.9 responses
-0, --http1.0 Use HTTP 1.0
--http1.1 Use HTTP 1.1
--http2 Use HTTP 2
--http2-prior-knowledge Use HTTP 2 without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade
--ignore-content-length Ignore the size of the remote resource
-i, --include Include protocol response headers in the output
-k, --insecure Allow insecure server connections when using SSL
--interface <name> Use network INTERFACE (or address)
-4, --ipv4 Resolve names to IPv4 addresses
-6, --ipv6 Resolve names to IPv6 addresses
-j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file
--keepalive-time <seconds> Interval time for keepalive probes
--key <key> Private key file name
--key-type <type> Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG)
--krb <level> Enable Kerberos with security <level>
--libcurl <file> Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
--limit-rate <speed> Limit transfer speed to RATE
-l, --list-only List only mode
--local-port <num/range> Force use of RANGE for local port numbers
-L, --location Follow redirects
--location-trusted Like --location, and send auth to other hosts
--login-options <options> Server login options
--mail-auth <address> Originator address of the original email
--mail-from <address> Mail from this address
--mail-rcpt <address> Mail to this address
-M, --manual Display the full manual
--max-filesize <bytes> Maximum file size to download
--max-redirs <num> Maximum number of redirects allowed
-m, --max-time <seconds> Maximum time allowed for the transfer
--metalink Process given URLs as metalink XML file
--negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication
-n, --netrc Must read .netrc for user name and password
--netrc-file <filename> Specify FILE for netrc
--netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL
-:, --next Make next URL use its separate set of options
--no-alpn Disable the ALPN TLS extension
-N, --no-buffer Disable buffering of the output stream
--no-keepalive Disable TCP keepalive on the connection
--no-npn Disable the NPN TLS extension
--no-sessionid Disable SSL session-ID reusing
--noproxy <no-proxy-list> List of hosts which do not use proxy
--ntlm Use HTTP NTLM authentication
--ntlm-wb Use HTTP NTLM authentication with winbind
--oauth2-bearer <token> OAuth 2 Bearer Token
-o, --output <file> Write to file instead of stdout
--pass <phrase> Pass phrase for the private key
--path-as-is Do not squash .. sequences in URL path
--pinnedpubkey <hashes> FILE/HASHES Public key to verify peer against
--post301 Do not switch to GET after following a 301
--post302 Do not switch to GET after following a 302
--post303 Do not switch to GET after following a 303
--preproxy [protocol://]host[:port] Use this proxy first
-#, --progress-bar Display transfer progress as a bar
--proto <protocols> Enable/disable PROTOCOLS
--proto-default <protocol> Use PROTOCOL for any URL missing a scheme
--proto-redir <protocols> Enable/disable PROTOCOLS on redirect
-x, --proxy [protocol://]host[:port] Use this proxy
--proxy-anyauth Pick any proxy authentication method
--proxy-basic Use Basic authentication on the proxy
--proxy-cacert <file> CA certificate to verify peer against for proxy
--proxy-capath <dir> CA directory to verify peer against for proxy
--proxy-cert <cert[:passwd]> Set client certificate for proxy
--proxy-cert-type <type> Client certificate type for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-ciphers <list> SSL ciphers to use for proxy
--proxy-crlfile <file> Set a CRL list for proxy
--proxy-digest Use Digest authentication on the proxy
--proxy-header <header/@file> Pass custom header(s) to proxy
--proxy-insecure Do HTTPS proxy connections without verifying the proxy
--proxy-key <key> Private key for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-key-type <type> Private key file type for proxy
--proxy-negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication on the proxy
--proxy-ntlm Use NTLM authentication on the proxy
--proxy-pass <phrase> Pass phrase for the private key for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-pinnedpubkey <hashes> FILE/HASHES public key to verify proxy with
--proxy-service-name <name> SPNEGO proxy service name
--proxy-ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw for interop for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-tls13-ciphers <ciphersuite list> TLS 1.3 proxy cipher suites
--proxy-tlsauthtype <type> TLS authentication type for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-tlspassword <string> TLS password for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-tlsuser <name> TLS username for HTTPS proxy
--proxy-tlsv1 Use TLSv1 for HTTPS proxy
-U, --proxy-user <user:password> Proxy user and password
--proxy1.0 <host[:port]> Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
-p, --proxytunnel Operate through an HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
--pubkey <key> SSH Public key file name
-Q, --quote Send command(s) to server before transfer
--random-file <file> File for reading random data from
-r, --range <range> Retrieve only the bytes within RANGE
--raw Do HTTP "raw"; no transfer decoding
-e, --referer <URL> Referrer URL
-J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename
-O, --remote-name Write output to a file named as the remote file
--remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs
-R, --remote-time Set the remote file's time on the local output
-X, --request <command> Specify request command to use
--request-target Specify the target for this request
--resolve <host:port:address[,address]...> Resolve the host+port to this address
--retry <num> Retry request if transient problems occur
--retry-connrefused Retry on connection refused (use with --retry)
--retry-delay <seconds> Wait time between retries
--retry-max-time <seconds> Retry only within this period
--sasl-ir Enable initial response in SASL authentication
--service-name <name> SPNEGO service name
-S, --show-error Show error even when -s is used
-s, --silent Silent mode
--socks4 <host[:port]> SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
--socks4a <host[:port]> SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
--socks5 <host[:port]> SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
--socks5-basic Enable username/password auth for SOCKS5 proxies
--socks5-gssapi Enable GSS-API auth for SOCKS5 proxies
--socks5-gssapi-nec Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
--socks5-gssapi-service <name> SOCKS5 proxy service name for GSS-API
--socks5-hostname <host[:port]> SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
-Y, --speed-limit <speed> Stop transfers slower than this
-y, --speed-time <seconds> Trigger 'speed-limit' abort after this time
--ssl Try SSL/TLS
--ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop
--ssl-no-revoke Disable cert revocation checks (Schannel)
--ssl-reqd Require SSL/TLS
-2, --sslv2 Use SSLv2
-3, --sslv3 Use SSLv3
--stderr Where to redirect stderr
--styled-output Enable styled output for HTTP headers
--suppress-connect-headers Suppress proxy CONNECT response headers
--tcp-fastopen Use TCP Fast Open
--tcp-nodelay Use the TCP_NODELAY option
-t, --telnet-option <opt=val> Set telnet option
--tftp-blksize <value> Set TFTP BLKSIZE option
--tftp-no-options Do not send any TFTP options
-z, --time-cond <time> Transfer based on a time condition
--tls-max <VERSION> Set maximum allowed TLS version
--tls13-ciphers <list of TLS 1.3 ciphersuites> TLS 1.3 cipher suites to use
--tlsauthtype <type> TLS authentication type
--tlspassword TLS password
--tlsuser <name> TLS user name
-1, --tlsv1 Use TLSv1.0 or greater
--tlsv1.0 Use TLSv1.0 or greater
--tlsv1.1 Use TLSv1.1 or greater
--tlsv1.2 Use TLSv1.2 or greater
--tlsv1.3 Use TLSv1.3 or greater
--tr-encoding Request compressed transfer encoding
--trace <file> Write a debug trace to FILE
--trace-ascii <file> Like --trace, but without hex output
--trace-time Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
--unix-socket <path> Connect through this Unix domain socket
-T, --upload-file <file> Transfer local FILE to destination
--url <url> URL to work with
-B, --use-ascii Use ASCII/text transfer
-u, --user <user:password> Server user and password
-A, --user-agent <name> Send User-Agent <name> to server
-v, --verbose Make the operation more talkative
-V, --version Show version number and quit
-w, --write-out <format> Use output FORMAT after completion
--xattr Store metadata in extended file attributes4、将cURL命令转换为其他语言
推荐一个网址：
https://curlconverter.com/
可以将 cURL 命令转换为 Python、JavaScript、PHP、R、Go、C#、Ruby、Rust、Elixir、Java、MATLAB、Dart、CFML、Ansible URI 或 JSON。
打开此页面。
示例：如下图是 Postman 一个接口的执行结果
将此接口的 cURL 代码拷贝进去，生成想要的代码，例如 Python。
将生成的 Python 代码复制后，进行执行。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 公众号：AllTests软件测试
import requests
headers = {
'accesstoken': 'test123',
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
}
json_data = {
'cancel': 0,
'services': [
{
'status': 1,
'code': '001',
},
],
'model': '基础款',
'id': 'test123-001',
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', headers=headers, json=json_data)
print(response.text)执行结果和在 Postman 上执行的结果一致。
5、将cURL命令转换为Python请求的库
Uncurl 是一个库，允许你将 cURL 命令转换为使用 requests 的 Python 代码。由于 Chrome 网络检查器有一个漂亮的“复制为cURL”，因此该工具对于在 Python 中重新创建浏览器请求非常有用。
GitHub地址：
https://github.com/spulec/uncurl
安装
pip install uncurl
代码示例：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 公众号：AllTests软件测试
import uncurl
context = "curl -X POST 'http://httpbin.org/post' -H 'accesstoken: test123' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{\"cancel\": 0,\"services\": [{\"status\": 1,\"code\": \"001\"}],\"model\": \"demo\",\"id\": \"test123-001\"}'"
print(uncurl.parse(context))运行结果，已经将 cURL 命令转换为 Python 请求。
接下来将转换后的 Python 请求脚本执行一下。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 公众号：AllTests软件测试
import requests
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",
data='{"cancel": 0,"services": [{"status": 1,"code": "001"}],"model": "demo","id": "test123-001"}',
headers={
"Content-Type": "application/json",
"accesstoken": "test123"
},
cookies={},
auth=(),
)
print(response.text)请求结果，执行成功。
6、将Python请求转换为cURL命令的库
Curlify 是一个库，允许你将 Python 请求转换为 cURL 命令。
GitHub地址：
https://github.com/ofw/curlify
安装：
pip install curlify
代码示例：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 公众号：伤心的辣条
import curlify
import requests
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",
data='{"cancel": 0,"services": [{"status": 1,"code": "001"}],"model": "demo","id": "test123-001"}',
headers={
"Content-Type": "application/json",
"accesstoken": "test123"
},
cookies={},
auth=(),
)
print(curlify.to_curl(response.request))运行结果，已经将 Python 请求转换为 cURL 命令。
在命令行上执行 cURL 命令，执行成功。
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