背景
上一篇 我们详细解释了 java 中 http模块request对象,这次我们来看看 response 对象,也就是服务器要回复客户端的对象
HTTP协议相关知识
- 请求消息:客户端发送给服务器端的数据
- 数据格式:
- 请求行
- 请求头
- 请求空行
- 请求体
- 数据格式:
- 响应消息:服务器端发送给客户端的数据
-
数据格式:
-
响应行
- 组成:协议/版本 响应状态码 状态码描述
- 响应状态码:服务器告诉客户端浏览器本次请求和响应的一个状态。
- 状态码都是3位数字
- 分类:
- 1xx:服务器就收客户端消息,但没有接受完成,等待一段时间后,发送1xx多状态码
- 2xx:成功。代表:200
- 3xx:重定向。代表:302(重定向),304(访问缓存)
- 4xx:客户端错误。
- 代表:
- 404(请求路径没有对应的资源)
- 405:请求方式没有对应的doXxx方法
- 代表:
- 5xx:服务器端错误。代表:500(服务器内部出现异常)
-
响应头:
- 格式:头名称: 值
- 常见的响应头:
- Content-Type:服务器告诉客户端本次响应体数据格式以及编码格式
- Content-disposition:服务器告诉客户端以什么格式打开响应体数据
- 值:
- in-line:默认值,在当前页面内打开
- attachment;filename=xxx:以附件形式打开响应体。文件下载
- 值:
-
响应空行
-
响应体:传输的数据
-
-
响应字符串格式
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 101
Date: Wed, 06 Jun 2018 07:08:42 GMT
-
response对象
response 对象包含有关服务器响应的信息,例如响应状态码、响应头、响应体等:
- 设置响应行
- 格式:HTTP/1.1 200 ok
- 设置状态码:setStatus(int) :例如 200、404、500 等。
- 设置响应头:setHeader(String name, String value) ,例如 Content-Type(内容类型)和 Cache-Control(缓存控制)。
- 设置响应体:
- 使用步骤:
-
获取输出流
- 字符输出流:PrintWriter getWriter()
- 字节输出流:ServletOutputStream getOutputStream()
-
使用输出流,将数据输出到客户端浏览器
-
- 使用步骤:
案例:重定向
代码实现:
//1. 设置状态码为302
response.setStatus(302);
//2.设置响应头location
response.setHeader("location","/day15/responseDemo2");
或者
//简单的重定向方法
response.sendRedirect("/day15/responseDemo2");
responseDemo1 重定向到 responseDemo2
package cn.xxx.web.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* 重定向
*/
@WebServlet("/responseDemo1")
public class ResponseDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("demo1........");
//访问/responseDemo1,会自动跳转到/responseDemo2资源
/* //1. 设置状态码为302
response.setStatus(302);
//2.设置响应头location
response.setHeader("location","/day15/responseDemo2");*/
request.setAttribute("msg","response");
//动态获取虚拟目录
String contextPath = request.getContextPath();
//简单的重定向方法
response.sendRedirect(contextPath+"/responseDemo2");
//response.sendRedirect("http://www.itcast.cn");
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
package cn.itcast.web.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/responseDemo2")
public class ResponseDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("demo2222222........");
Object msg = request.getAttribute("msg");
System.out.println(msg);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
转发
package cn.itcast.web.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/responseDemo3")
public class ResponseDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//转发
request.getRequestDispatcher("/responseDemo2").forward(request,response);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
绝对路径与相对路径使用场景:
- 给客户端浏览器使用:需要加虚拟目录(项目的访问路径)
* 建议虚拟目录动态获取:request.getContextPath()
*<a> , <form>
重定向…
* 给服务器使用:不需要加虚拟目录
* 转发路径
重定向(redirect)与转发(forward)的区别
- 重定向的特点:redirect
- 地址栏发生变化
- 重定向可以访问其他站点(服务器)的资源
- 重定向是两次请求。不能使用request对象来共享数据
- 转发的特点:forward
- 转发地址栏路径不变
- 转发只能访问当前服务器下的资源
- 转发是一次请求,可以使用request对象来共享数据
案例:服务器输出字符数据到浏览器
-
步骤:文章来源:https://www.toymoban.com/news/detail-700172.html
- 获取字符输出流
- 输出数据
-
注意:
-
乱码问题:
- PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();获取的流的默认编码是ISO-8859-1
- 设置该流的默认编码
- 告诉浏览器响应体使用的编码
//简单的形式,设置编码,是在获取流之前设置
response.setContentType(“text/html;charset=utf-8”);
-
package cn.itcast.web.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
@WebServlet("/responseDemo4")
public class ResponseDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取流对象之前,设置流的默认编码:ISO-8859-1 设置为:GBK
// response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
//告诉浏览器,服务器发送的消息体数据的编码。建议浏览器使用该编码解码
//response.setHeader("content-type","text/html;charset=utf-8");
//简单的形式,设置编码
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
//1.获取字符输出流
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
//2.输出数据
//pw.write("<h1>hello response</h1>");
pw.write("你好啊啊啊 response");
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
案例:服务器输出字节数据到浏览器
- 获取字节输出流
- 输出数据
package cn.itcast.web.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/responseDemo5")
public class ResponseDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
//1.获取字节输出流
ServletOutputStream sos = response.getOutputStream();
//2.输出数据
sos.write("你好".getBytes("utf-8"));
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
案例:简单的验证码
本质:图片
目的:防止恶意表单注册
package cn.itcast.web.servlet;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;
@WebServlet("/checkCodeServlet")
public class CheckCodeServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
int width = 100;
int height = 50;
//1.创建一对象,在内存中图片(验证码图片对象)
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(width,height,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
//2.美化图片
//2.1 填充背景色
Graphics g = image.getGraphics();//画笔对象
g.setColor(Color.PINK);//设置画笔颜色
g.fillRect(0,0,width,height);
//2.2画边框
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.drawRect(0,0,width - 1,height - 1);
String str = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghigklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
//生成随机角标
Random ran = new Random();
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
int index = ran.nextInt(str.length());
//获取字符
char ch = str.charAt(index);//随机字符
//2.3写验证码
g.drawString(ch+"",width/5*i,height/2);
}
//2.4画干扰线
g.setColor(Color.GREEN);
//随机生成坐标点
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
int x1 = ran.nextInt(width);
int x2 = ran.nextInt(width);
int y1 = ran.nextInt(height);
int y2 = ran.nextInt(height);
g.drawLine(x1,y1,x2,y2);
}
//3.将图片输出到页面展示
ImageIO.write(image,"jpg",response.getOutputStream());
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
ServletContext对象
- 概念:代表整个web应用,可以和程序的容器(服务器)来通信
- 获取:
- 通过request对象获取
request.getServletContext(); - 通过HttpServlet获取
this.getServletContext();
- 通过request对象获取
- 功能:
-
获取MIME类型:
-
MIME类型:在互联网通信过程中定义的一种文件数据类型
- 格式: 大类型/小类型 text/html image/jpeg
-
获取:String getMimeType(String file)
-
-
域对象:共享数据
- setAttribute(String name,Object value)
- getAttribute(String name)
- removeAttribute(String name)
- ServletContext对象范围:所有用户所有请求的数据
-
获取文件的真实(服务器)路径
-
方法:String getRealPath(String path)
String b = context.getRealPath(“/b.txt”);//web目录下资源访问
System.out.println(b);String c = context.getRealPath(“/WEB-INF/c.txt”);//WEB-INF目录下的资源访问
System.out.println©;String a = context.getRealPath(“/WEB-INF/classes/a.txt”);//src目录下的资源访问
System.out.println(a);
-
-
package cn.itcast.web.servletcontext;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/servletContextDemo1")
public class ServletContextDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
/*
ServletContext对象获取:
1. 通过request对象获取
request.getServletContext();
2. 通过HttpServlet获取
this.getServletContext();
*/
//1. 通过request对象获取
ServletContext context1 = request.getServletContext();
//2. 通过HttpServlet获取
ServletContext context2 = this.getServletContext();
System.out.println(context1);
System.out.println(context2);
System.out.println(context1 == context2);//true
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
package cn.itcast.web.servletcontext;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/servletContextDemo2")
public class ServletContextDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
/*
ServletContext功能:
1. 获取MIME类型:
* MIME类型:在互联网通信过程中定义的一种文件数据类型
* 格式: 大类型/小类型 text/html image/jpeg
* 获取:String getMimeType(String file)
2. 域对象:共享数据
3. 获取文件的真实(服务器)路径
*/
//2. 通过HttpServlet获取
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
//3. 定义文件名称
String filename = "a.jpg";//image/jpeg
//4.获取MIME类型
String mimeType = context.getMimeType(filename);
System.out.println(mimeType);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
package cn.itcast.web.servletcontext;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/servletContextDemo3")
public class ServletContextDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
/*
ServletContext功能:
1. 获取MIME类型:
2. 域对象:共享数据
3. 获取文件的真实(服务器)路径
*/
//2. 通过HttpServlet获取
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
//设置数据
context.setAttribute("msg","haha");
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
package cn.itcast.web.servletcontext;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/servletContextDemo4")
public class ServletContextDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
/*
ServletContext功能:
1. 获取MIME类型:
2. 域对象:共享数据
3. 获取文件的真实(服务器)路径
*/
//2. 通过HttpServlet获取
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
//获取数据
Object msg = context.getAttribute("msg");
System.out.println(msg);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
package cn.itcast.web.servletcontext;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/servletContextDemo5")
public class ServletContextDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
/*
ServletContext功能:
1. 获取MIME类型:
2. 域对象:共享数据
3. 获取文件的真实(服务器)路径
*/
// 通过HttpServlet获取
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
// 获取文件的服务器路径
String b = context.getRealPath("/b.txt");//web目录下资源访问
System.out.println(b);
// File file = new File(realPath);
String c = context.getRealPath("/WEB-INF/c.txt");//WEB-INF目录下的资源访问
System.out.println(c);
String a = context.getRealPath("/WEB-INF/classes/a.txt");//src目录下的资源访问
System.out.println(a);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
案例:文件下载
-
文件下载需求:
- 页面显示超链接
- 点击超链接后弹出下载提示框
- 完成图片文件下载
-
分析:
- 超链接指向的资源如果能够被浏览器解析,则在浏览器中展示,如果不能解析,则弹出下载提示框。不满足需求
- 任何资源都必须弹出下载提示框
- 使用响应头设置资源的打开方式:
- content-disposition:attachment;filename=xxx
-
步骤:
- 定义页面,编辑超链接href属性,指向Servlet,传递资源名称filename
- 定义Servlet
- 获取文件名称
- 使用字节输入流加载文件进内存
- 指定response的响应头: content-disposition:attachment;filename=xxx
- 将数据写出到response输出流
-
问题:文章来源地址https://www.toymoban.com/news/detail-700172.html
- 中文文件问题
- 解决思路:
- 获取客户端使用的浏览器版本信息
- 根据不同的版本信息,设置filename的编码方式不同
- 解决思路:
- 中文文件问题
package cn.itcast.web.utils;
import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
public class DownLoadUtils {
public static String getFileName(String agent, String filename) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
if (agent.contains("MSIE")) {
// IE浏览器
filename = URLEncoder.encode(filename, "utf-8");
filename = filename.replace("+", " ");
} else if (agent.contains("Firefox")) {
// 火狐浏览器
BASE64Encoder base64Encoder = new BASE64Encoder();
filename = "=?utf-8?B?" + base64Encoder.encode(filename.getBytes("utf-8")) + "?=";
} else {
// 其它浏览器
filename = URLEncoder.encode(filename, "utf-8");
}
return filename;
}
}
package cn.itcast.web.download;
import cn.itcast.web.utils.DownLoadUtils;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/downloadServlet")
public class DownloadServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1.获取请求参数,文件名称
String filename = request.getParameter("filename");
//2.使用字节输入流加载文件进内存
//2.1找到文件服务器路径
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
String realPath = servletContext.getRealPath("/img/" + filename);
//2.2用字节流关联
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(realPath);
//3.设置response的响应头
//3.1设置响应头类型:content-type
String mimeType = servletContext.getMimeType(filename);//获取文件的mime类型
response.setHeader("content-type",mimeType);
//3.2设置响应头打开方式:content-disposition
//解决中文文件名问题
//1.获取user-agent请求头、
String agent = request.getHeader("user-agent");
//2.使用工具类方法编码文件名即可
filename = DownLoadUtils.getFileName(agent, filename);
response.setHeader("content-disposition","attachment;filename="+filename);
//4.将输入流的数据写出到输出流中
ServletOutputStream sos = response.getOutputStream();
byte[] buff = new byte[1024 * 8];
int len = 0;
while((len = fis.read(buff)) != -1){
sos.write(buff,0,len);
}
fis.close();
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
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