1. 背景
最近在读《Java concurrency in practice》(Java并发实战),其中1.4节提到了Java web的线程安全问题时有如下一段话:
Servlets and JPSs, as well as servlet filters and objects stored in scoped containers like ServletContext and HttpSession, simply have to be thread-safe.
Servlet, JSP, Servlet filter 以及保存在 ServletContext、HttpSession 中的对象必须是线程安全的。含义有两点:
1)Servlet, JSP, Servlet filter 必须是线程安全的(JSP的本质其实就是servlet);
2)保存在ServletContext、HttpSession中的对象必须是线程安全的;
servlet和servelt filter必须是线程安全的,这个一般是不存在什么问题的,只要我们的servlet和servlet filter中没有实例属性或者实例属性是”不可变对象“就基本没有问题。但是保存在ServletContext和HttpSession中的对象必须是线程安全的,这一点似乎一直被我们忽略掉了。在Java web项目中,我们经常要将一个登录的用户保存在HttpSession中,而这个User对象就是像下面定义的一样的一个Java bean:
public class User { private int id; private String userName; private String password; // ... ... public int getId() { return id; } public void setId(int id) { this.id = id; } public String getUserName() { return userName; } public void setUserName(String userName) { this.userName = userName; } public String getPassword() { return password; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } }
2. 源码分析
下面分析一下为什么将一个这样的Java对象保存在HttpSession中是有问题的,至少在线程安全方面不严谨的,可能会出现并发问题。
Tomcat8.0中HttpSession的源码在org.apache.catalina.session.StandardSession.java文件中,源码如下(截取我们需要的部分):
public class StandardSession implements HttpSession, Session, Serializable { // ----------------------------------------------------- Instance Variables /** * The collection of user data attributes associated with this Session. */ protected Map<String, Object> attributes = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); /** * Return the object bound with the specified name in this session, or * <code>null</code> if no object is bound with that name. * * @param name Name of the attribute to be returned * * @exception IllegalStateException if this method is called on an * invalidated session */ @Override public Object getAttribute(String name) { if (!isValidInternal()) throw new IllegalStateException (sm.getString("standardSession.getAttribute.ise")); if (name == null) return null; return (attributes.get(name)); } /** * Bind an object to this session, using the specified name. If an object * of the same name is already bound to this session, the object is * replaced. * <p> * After this method executes, and if the object implements * <code>HttpSessionBindingListener</code>, the container calls * <code>valueBound()</code> on the object. * * @param name Name to which the object is bound, cannot be null * @param value Object to be bound, cannot be null * @param notify whether to notify session listeners * @exception IllegalArgumentException if an attempt is made to add a * non-serializable object in an environment marked distributable. * @exception IllegalStateException if this method is called on an * invalidated session */ public void setAttribute(String name, Object value, boolean notify) { // Name cannot be null if (name == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException (sm.getString("standardSession.setAttribute.namenull")); // Null value is the same as removeAttribute() if (value == null) { removeAttribute(name); return; } // ... ... // Replace or add this attribute Object unbound = attributes.put(name, value); // ... ... } /** * Release all object references, and initialize instance variables, in * preparation for reuse of this object. */ @Override public void recycle() { // Reset the instance variables associated with this Session attributes.clear(); // ... ... } /** * Write a serialized version of this session object to the specified * object output stream. * <p> * <b>IMPLEMENTATION NOTE</b>: The owning Manager will not be stored * in the serialized representation of this Session. After calling * <code>readObject()</code>, you must set the associated Manager * explicitly. * <p> * <b>IMPLEMENTATION NOTE</b>: Any attribute that is not Serializable * will be unbound from the session, with appropriate actions if it * implements HttpSessionBindingListener. If you do not want any such * attributes, be sure the <code>distributable</code> property of the * associated Manager is set to <code>true</code>. * * @param stream The output stream to write to * * @exception IOException if an input/output error occurs */ protected void doWriteObject(ObjectOutputStream stream) throws IOException { // ... ... // Accumulate the names of serializable and non-serializable attributes String keys[] = keys(); ArrayList<String> saveNames = new ArrayList<>(); ArrayList<Object> saveValues = new ArrayList<>(); for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) { Object value = attributes.get(keys[i]); if (value == null) continue; else if ( (value instanceof Serializable) && (!exclude(keys[i]) )) { saveNames.add(keys[i]); saveValues.add(value); } else { removeAttributeInternal(keys[i], true); } } // Serialize the attribute count and the Serializable attributes int n = saveNames.size(); stream.writeObject(Integer.valueOf(n)); for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { stream.writeObject(saveNames.get(i)); try { stream.writeObject(saveValues.get(i)); // ... ... } catch (NotSerializableException e) { // ... ... } } } }
我们看到每一个独立的HttpSession中保存的所有属性,是存储在一个独立的ConcurrentHashMap中的:
protected Map<String, Object> attributes = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
所以我可以看到 HttpSession.getAttribute(), HttpSession.setAttribute() 等等方法就都是线程安全的。
另外如果我们要将一个对象保存在HttpSession中时,那么该对象应该是可序列化的。不然在进行HttpSession的持久化时,就会被抛弃了,无法恢复了:
else if ( (value instanceof Serializable)
&& (!exclude(keys[i]) )) {
saveNames.add(keys[i]);
saveValues.add(value);
} else {
removeAttributeInternal(keys[i], true);
}
所以从源码的分析,我们得出了下面的结论:
1)HttpSession.getAttribute(), HttpSession.setAttribute() 等等方法都是线程安全的;
2)要保存在HttpSession中对象应该是序列化的;
虽然getAttribute,setAttribute是线程安全的了,那么下面的代码就是线程安全的吗?
session.setAttribute("user", user);
User user = (User)session.getAttribute("user", user);
不是线程安全的!因为User对象不是线程安全的,假如有一个线程执行下面的操作:
User user = (User)session.getAttribute("user", user);
user.setName("xxx");
那么显然就会存在并发问题。因为会出现:有多个线程访问同一个对象 user, 并且至少有一个线程在修改该对象。但是在通常情况下,我们的Java web程序都是这么写的,为什么又没有出现问题呢?原因是:在web中 ”多个线程访问同一个对象 user, 并且至少有一个线程在修改该对象“ 这样的情况极少出现;因为我们使用HttpSession的目的是在内存中暂时保存信息,便于快速访问,所以我们一般不会进行下面的操作:
User user = (User)session.getAttribute("user", user);
user.setName("xxx");
我们一般是只使用对从HttpSession中的对象使用get方法来获得信息,一般不会对”从HttpSession中获得的对象“调用set方法来修改它;而是直接调用 setAttribute来进行设置或者替换成一个新的。
3. 结论
所以结论是:如果你能保证不会对”从HttpSession中获得的对象“调用set方法来修改它,那么保存在HttpSession中的对象可以不是线程安全的(因为他是”事实不可变对象“,并且ConcurrentHashMap保证了它是被”安全发布的“);但是如果你不能保证这一点,那么你必须要实现”保存在HttpSession中的对象必须是线程安全“。不然的话,就存在并发问题。文章来源:https://www.toymoban.com/news/detail-764407.html
使Java bean线程安全的最简单方法,就是在所有的get/set方法都加上synchronized。文章来源地址https://www.toymoban.com/news/detail-764407.html
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